Importance of steriochemistry in pharmacy free essay sample

Importance of Stereochemistry in Pharmacy with Special attention to DrugMolecules Introduction The importance of stereochemistry in drug action is gaining greater attention in pharmaceuticalsciemces, and a basic knowledge of the subject will be necessary for clinicians to make informeddecisions regarding the use of single-enantiomer drugs. Many of the drugs currently used in psychiatric practice are mixtures of enantiomers. For some therapeutics, single-enantiomer formulations can provide greater selectivities for their biological targets, improved therapeuticindices, and/or better pharmacokinetics than a mixture of enantiomers. This assignment reviewsthe importance of stereochemistry with special attention to different drug molecules, thenomenclature for describing stereochemistry and enantiomers, emphasizes the potential biologicaland pharmacologic differences between the 2 enantiomers of a drug, and highlights the clinicalexperience with single enantiomers. In some cases, both a mixture of enantiomers and a single-enantiomer formulation of a drug will be available simultaneously. In these cases, familiarity withstereochemistry and its pharmacologic implications will aid the practicing physician to provideoptimal pharmacotherapy to his or her patients. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of steriochemistry in pharmacy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some Basic Concepts Before going into the depth of this discussion let us have some concepts about the basic aspects of stereochemistry which eill ultimately help us to understand the importance of stereochemistry later on. 1 This section contains the basics needed to understand chiral drugs. The most important point is thatchiral drugs have 2 structurally similar forms that can behave very differently in biological systemsdue to their different shapes in 3-dimensional space. These 2 possible forms are termed enantiomers  , and the 2 enantiomers of a given chiral drug should be considered 2 different drugs. This topic is discussed further in the next section. Chirality is formally defined as the geometric property of a rigid object (like a molecule or drug) of not being superimposable with its mirror image. Molecules that can be superimposed on their mirror images are achiral (not chiral). Chirality is a property of matter found throughout biological systems, from the basic buildin g blocks of life such as amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids to the layout of the human body. Chirality is often illustrated with the idea of left- and right-handedness: a left hand and right handare mirror images of each other but are not superimposable. The 2 mirror images of a chiral molecule are termed enantiomers . Like hands, enantiomers comein pairs. Both molecules of an enantiomer pair have the same chemical composition and can bedrawn the same way in 2 dimensions (e. g. , a drug structure on a package insert), but in chiralenvironments such as the receptors and enzymes in the body, they can behave differently. A racemate  (often called a racemic mixture) is a mixture of equal amounts of both enantiomers of achiral drug. Chirality in drugs most often arises from a carbon atom attached to 4 different groups, but there can be other sources of chirality as well. Single enantiomers are sometimes referred to as singleisomers or stereoisomers . These terms can also apply to achiral drugs and molecules and donot indicate that a single enantiomer is present. For example, mo lecules that are isomers of eachother share the same stoichiometric molecular formula but may have very different structures. 2 However, many discussions of chiral drugs use the terms enantiomer , single isomer , and/or single stereoisomer interchangeably. The 2 enantiomers of a chiral drug are best identified on the basis of their absolute configuration or their optical rotation. Other designations such as D and L (note the upper case) are used for sugarsand amino acids but are specific to these molecules and are not generally applicable to other compounds. The terms d , or dextro, and l , or levo , are considered obsolete and should

Understanding the Difference Between Whine and Wine

Understanding the Difference Between Whine and Wine The words whine and wine are homophones: they sound alike but have different meanings. Definitions The verb whine means to make a high-pitched noise or to complain or beg in a childish way. The noun whine refers to the act of whining or to a complaint uttered in a whining tone. The noun wine refers to the fermented juice of grapes (or other fruits), used as an alcoholic beverage and in cooking. Examples The woman would yowl at him for not cutting enough wood for her stove and would whine about the pain in her back.(Flannery OConnor, The Crop, 1946. The Complete Stories. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971)On his control panel, the tiny bulbs  grew brighter, straining under a surge of power.  The room lights flared, bathing the shack in a bright, naked glow The incessant alarms were drowned out by  the whine of the  engines now. It  all happened in seconds.(Abrahm Lustgarten,  Run to Failure: BP and the Making of the Deepwater Horizon Disaster.  Norton, 2012)For their first date, she once told me, my father changed into rough pants and a T-shirt, crammed a loaf of bread and a jug of wine into his rucksack, and took my mother on a hike up Bells Canyon.(Tom Matthews, Our Fathers War. Broadway Books,  2005)Crazy Sunday again. Joel  slept until eleven, then he read a newspaper to catch up with the past week. He lunched in his room on trout, avocado salad and a pint of Calif ornia wine.(F. Scott Fitzgerald, Crazy Sunday. The American Mercury, 1933) There were bright rugs on the oiled floor, tasteful religious paintings in ornate  frames, camelback sofas  upholstered in wine-colored velvet, and silver everywhere, twinkling in the late afternoon light sliding through the small curtained windows.(Loren D. Estleman, City of Widows. Tor Books, 1994) Idiom Alert Wine and DineThe expression to wine and dine (someone) means to entertain someone in a lavish manner or to treat someone to a costly meal.What was wonderful was that they seemed  to energize each other.  He  wined and dined  her in the expensive, three- and four-star restaurants that made up his culinary universe. She introduced him to the other New York, the one with hundreds of fabulous places to eat that didnt require frou-frou clothes, major jewelry and a trust fund.(Doris Mortman, Before and Again. St. Martins Press, 2003) Practice (a) In the dark, he listened behind a sheltering yew hedge. . . .  A chilly wind moving through the yew leaves like water, the  steady _____  of the all-clear signal, the dim, distant barking of dogs, but no human sounds, no loud footfalls to indicate a strangers approach.(Paul Griner, The German Woman.  Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009) (b)  They sat  and  sipped the _____  while they waited for their food to arrive. Answers to Practice Exercises Answers to Practice Exercises: Whine and Wine (a) In the dark, he listened behind a sheltering yew hedge. . . .  A chilly wind moving through the yew leaves like water, the  steady whine of the all-clear signal, the dim, distant barking of dogs, but no human sounds, no loud footfalls to indicate a strangers approach.(Paul Griner,  The German Woman.  Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009)(b)  They sat  and  sipped the wine while they waited for their food to arrive.

What are the other categories of persons in need of protection not Essay

What are the other categories of persons in need of protection not defined in the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol - Essay Example It dictates the available solution for refugees as exile. On the contrary, we are in a different era where refugees problems can be properly handled and rule out exile. In this regard, dialogue can rule out or provide alternative amicable solutions to refugees. The Refugee Convention of 1951 and the 1967 Protocol covers widely the rights of the refugees in the entire world (Miller, 2014). However, the convention and its protocol fail to cover other groups of the vulnerable and the disadvantaged. These groups are the victims of female genital mutilation, child hunger, child recruitment into illegal militia, sex abuse victims, among others (Antoinette, 2010). The convection states that it does not provide permanent protection to refugees. This implies that when the refugee status of a person expires, he or she is venerable to other crimes such as sexual abuse and hunger. The 1951 refugee convention and 1967 protocol are to be The convection however, has its fair share of limitations that emphasis more on the need to have the convection revised. For instance, the convection denies the refugees and ‘camp’ refugees equality (Miller, 2014). More preference is given to those present instead of preference being based on the neediest. Furthermore, the convection also does not take into account factors accruing to the refugees as a result of political, financial or social factors. The convection based asylum deemed to be most efficient during the Cold War (Miller, 2014). Applying the same convection today has proved futile in seeking to solve some of the challenges faced by the asylum seekers. The convection fails to factor in mass asylum seekers outflows as well as their migratory movement patterns. The 1951 convection is very clear on the persons it protects. The convection clear defines refugees as a person who has freed his or her country due to risk of facing prosecution because of race, political opinion or religion. The 1967

Fed Watch QE End and First Rate Hike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fed Watch QE End and First Rate Hike - Essay Example The central bank in effect increases the monetary base. The need for changes in monetary policy arises from a failing policy or one that is not effective in creating the economic impact required. According to the information gathered and the specific economic signs available, chances are high that several hikes will materialize in the year 2015. Considering various studies conducted on the same, 38 respondents that included analysts, money managers, and economists, there looms a possibility of a hike in the rate in 2015. According to the information gathered, the hike will result in steeper interest rate increases in the coming years. The survey indicates that the rates will hike to a high of 3.04% by the end of 2017 (Liesman). When this takes effect, the Feds take a longer time normalizing the rates based on the need for constant review the rates in consideration of the effect they create. The application of an expansionary monetary policy reaches a point of failure when the interest rates on the short-term run towards zero. These explain situations that quantitative easing becomes applicable. Quantitative easing applied during these periods of low-interest rates aids in improving the inflation rate and reducing its effect. Quantitative easing aids in stabilizing inflation and controlling the rate to maintain it within the targeted points of the economy. These are accompanied by the improvement of the economic policies to make the economic policy more effective in helping the central bank take action against deflation. The increased money supply in an economy with less interest affects the money supply. The banks will run low on money to lend and have their reserves risk lowering further due to a high money supply in the market and uncontrolled demand. To reduce these effects, the central bank hikes the rates and mops out the excess liquidity from the market to aid in improving the economic situation. In addition, a high-interest rate reflects a decreased

Marketing Planning Process Assigment Assignment

Marketing Planning Process Assigment - Assignment Example The marketing plan of greetings card of the company facilitates to know the details of Phoenix Trading Ltd and the position of its cards in the market. The paper contains two parts i.e. Part A and Part B. In the first part, the situational analysis of the product is examined in order to understand the entire external and internal scenario of the greetings card segment of the company and of the market. The SWOT analysis process facilitates to understand the existing environmental scenario of the company and the product and its growth prospects in future. It has been identified that the company has several traders in various countries and about 100 million cards are sold. It provides extreme focus towards maintaining the quality of cards and artistic designs and has various product ranges. There are several weaknesses associated with the cards regarding their incapability to produce e-cards business. However, from the market survey it has been found that there are huge opportunities fo r this product if it is re-launched in a different way with special features. Through the segmentation of the market of the UK on the basis of definite criteria the company can target the specific consumers and markets and manufacture the products according to their preferences and can become successful. The audit of the market also found that there is still the need of such innovative designed cards in the market. ... Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Part A 6 1.0Situational Analysis 6 2.0Objectives 8 2.1Corporate Objectives 8 2.2 Marketing Objectives 8 3.0Strategy 9 3.1Chosen Growth Strategy 9 3.2Chosen Competitive Strategy 10 4.0Segmentation Targeting Position 11 5.0 Tactics 12 5.1 Product Features 12 5.2 Pricing Strategy 13 5.3 Place 14 5.4 Promotion 15 5.4.1 Communication Strategy 17 5.4.2 Gantt Chart 17 5.4.3 Budget 18 5.5 People 18 5.6 Process 18 5.7 Physical Evidence 19 Part B 20 6.0 Importance of Marketing Plan 20 7.0 Process of Marketing Audit 21 7.1 Theoretical Explanation of process Market Audit 21 7.2 Internal Environment 22 7.3 External Environment 23 8.0 Process to STP 24 8.1 Segmentation 24 8.2 Targeting 25 8.3 Positioning 26 9.0 Barriers for Implementation 27 10.0 References 30 Appendix 37 Part A 1.0 Situational Analysis Situational analysis is included in marketing planning step as it helps to analyse the present situation of an organisation. In this marketing plan, situationa l analysis is conducted to identify the external opportunities as well as threats faced by Phoenix Trading Ltd. This analysis also facilitates to recognise the interior strengths and weaknesses of the organisation (IFUW, n.d.). SWOT analysis is a model that facilitates to develop basis for the generation of marketing plan of the re-launching of a product i.e. greetings card of Phoenix Trading Ltd. The main function of SWOT analysis is to gather information after evaluation from the environment and categorise it into internal aspects such as strengths and weaknesses as well as external issues i.e. opportunities along with threats (Danca, n.d.). Strengths The Phoenix Trading Ltd’s greetings cards

User Acceptance of Research Evidence in Nursing

User Acceptance of Research Evidence in Nursing User Acceptance of Research Evidence in Nursing User Acceptance of Research Evidence in Nursing

Gulf War :: essays research papers

The United States was just in sending military aid to Kuwait during the Persian Gulf War. Kuwait was invaded by Saddam Hussein and taken over in six short hours due to the lack of strength in Kuwait’s Army. Once Hussein took control he seized Kuwait City, airports, army barracks, and oil fields. This left Kuwait helpless and in desperate need. Therefore, the U.S. invaded after, Hussein’s control of Kuwait for six months.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.S invaded for many reasons; Hussein was a threat and currently is to the Middle East as well as the world. He was beginning to build up an arsenal of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, which are very deadly and even dangerous to the environment. If they are used, they leave harmful waste for many years such as radiation or hazardous chemicals. He was also dumping oil from Kuwait into the Persian Gulf because he couldn’t sell it due to embargoes. This was an immediate threat to the environment. Hussein alone is a very dangerous man and one of the missions of the war was to kill him. However, we were unsuccessful, and today he is a huge threat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hussein’s control of Kuwait affected the U.S. economically. All of Kuwait’s oil was in Hussein’s power and the U.S. was unable to trade with him because of sanctions. Therefore, oil based product prices raised 50 percent due to the lack of oil and a high demand for it. The U.S. was also giving financial aid to the Middle East to help drive out Hussein. These attempts were hopeless which gave the U.S. even more reason to send military aid into Persian Gulf.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final reason the U.S. sent military aid to the Persian Gulf was because of the lack of success of the UN. The UN made many resolutions and sanctions to drive Hussein out of Kuwait; however, he was not moving and nothing was happening. It took the U.S, to send in ground troops. Then other nations followed, and then Hussein was driven out. Although many nations helped by sending in ground troops, the U.